mRNA-Encoded Antibodies: An Emerging Paradigm in Antiviral Protection

Antibodies are a cornerstone of antiviral immunity, yet conventional recombinant antibody production remains costly and time-consuming. mRNA technology, based on synthetic mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles, offers an alternative strategy by enabling direct in vivo expression of therapeutic antibodies. This review examines recent advances in the development of mRNA-encoded antibodies for antiviral applications. We outline key technological principles, including mRNA construct design, delivery platforms, and pharmacokinetic properties, and compare this approach with established protein-based antibody therapies. We then summarize preclinical studies targeting a broad spectrum of viral pathogens, which collectively demonstrate rapid antibody expression, high serum concentrations, and strong prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in animal models. Finally, we discuss the translation of this platform toward clinical application, highlighted by the completion of Phase I evaluation of Moderna mRNA-1944 against chikungunya virus. Together, these studies position mRNA-encoded antibodies as a flexible and rapidly deployable platform for passive immunization against emerging viral threats.