Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Hair Regeneration: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Perspectives for Androgenetic Alopecia

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a highly prevalent and progressive disorder characterized by follicular miniaturization and dysregulation of the hair follicle microenvironment. Although minoxidil (MXD) and finasteride remain first-line therapies, their long-term efficacy is limited by poor follicular bioavailability, systemic side effects, and suboptimal patient compliance. In recent years, nanotechnology-based strategies have emerged as promising alternatives by enabling efficient follicular targeting and controlled therapeutic delivery. This review critically summarizes recent advances in nanotechnology-enabled approaches for AGA management, including nanocarrier-based formulations and nanotechnology-based microneedle systems. Beyond functioning as passive drug carriers, emerging nanoplatforms increasingly act as active modulators of the follicular niche by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, and stem cell dysfunction-key pathological drivers of AGA progression-thereby representing a conceptual shift from delivery-centered to microenvironment-remodeling strategies. To enhance translational relevance, we compare nanotechnology-based therapies with conventional treatments in terms of efficacy, safety, and clinical feasibility, and summarize representative preclinical studies, patent landscapes, and ongoing or completed clinical trials. Finally, key challenges related to safety evaluation, manufacturing reproducibility, and regulatory classification are discussed, highlighting nanotechnology as a promising framework for next-generation, mechanism-oriented AGA therapy and precision trichology.