Flexible Multimodal Wearable Biosensors for Continuous Health Monitoring: Recent Advances and Challenges

The integration of biochemical and biophysical sensing technologies in wearable devices represents a significant advancement in continuous and individualized health monitoring. Traditional wearable sensors are often restricted to either biophysical signals like mobility, temperature, electrophysiological activity, etc., or electrochemical analytes like glucose, lactate, etc. Integrating these complementary modalities into a single, compact, skin-conformal device creates opportunities for multimodal diagnostics and health monitoring systems. This review summarizes the recent advancements in multifunctional integrated flexible wearable biosensors that monitor chemical and physical parameters simultaneously. Initially, the insights are provided on the advances in flexible materials and fabrication techniques that support next-generation wearable devices. Subsequently, the recent progress in biophysical sensing, biochemical sensing, and strategies for their integration into multifunctional wearable platforms is critically examined. Finally, the review concludes with the key challenges to clinical translation and a perspective on future directions to achieve the next generation of integrated flexible wearable systems.