Speech and Language Changes During Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep with Potential Diagnostic Markers: A Systematic Review

Background: Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia resulting from degeneration of pontine and medullary circuits responsible for muscle atonia during REM sleep, leading to dream-enactment behaviors and vocalizations. It is strongly linked to α-synucleinopathies, particularly Parkinson’s disease. Current biomarkers such as neurophysiological measures and imaging support diagnosis and monitoring, but remain invasive or costly. Aim: This study aims to evaluate vocal and speech alterations as exploratory, non-validated candidate biomarkers of REM sleep behavior disorder. Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed, IEEE Digital Library Web of Science, Embase and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched for studies published from database inception to November 2025, as preregistered on the Open Science Framework. Studies were selected through a multi-step screening process and underwent qualitative quality assessment. Results: Twelve studies met inclusion criteria. Individuals with RBD exhibited abnormal nocturnal vocalizations and early lexical, syntactic, and narrative disruptions despite preserved perceptual speech. Quantitative analyses identified consistent deficits in prosody, phonation stability, timing, and articulation, with significant group differences and diagnostic accuracy up to 96% sensitivity. Multilingual cohorts demonstrated progression over time, while digital phenotyping detected emerging Parkinsonian signs with AUC > 0.70. Conclusions: Speech and vocal abnormalities in iRBD reflect early neurodegenerative changes and show promising but still exploratory diagnostic and prognostic potential. Integrating vocal markers with established biomarkers may enhance early detection; however, further research is required to validate a reliable and reproducible vocal signature of prodromal synucleinopathies.