A Generative AI Framework for Carbon-Oriented Biomimetic Façade Design in Architecture

This research proposes a conceptual framework that employs generative artificial intelligence (AI) to automatically generate dynamic biomimetic façade designs for reducing building carbon emissions. Biomimetic façades show strong carbon-reduction potential; however, their application remains limited by interdisciplinary requirements and time-intensive optimization processes. Existing studies primarily rely on traditional multi-objective optimization for energy performance, while machine learning integration and carbon-oriented evaluation remain limited in biomimetic façade research. To address this gap, this study proposes an AI system for biomimetic façade generation in tropical climates by combining reinforcement learning–based multi-objective optimization with deep learning–based parameter prediction models. A carbon payback assessment method integrating operational and embodied carbon is further proposed to evaluate carbon reduction performance. Preliminary validation through pilot experiments and K-fold cross-validation achieved an average RMSE of 8.7% and an average R2 value of 0.547, while façade parameter prediction for new building conditions could be completed within approximately 10 s. Simulated cases also indicated that the generated façade strategies generally remained within predefined carbon payback thresholds under different material configurations. The framework supports carbon-oriented biomimetic façade design and early-stage low-carbon design decision-making.