Advancing Building Health Assessment: A Systematic Review of Indicators and Methods

The concept of building health has gained increasing attention due to its strong association with occupant well-being, safety, and the long-term performance of buildings. However, despite the existence of models that assess individual aspects of building conditions, standardized frameworks for comprehensively evaluating overall building health remain limited. A systematic assessment of building health can help identify potential risks and prevent unexpected consequences caused by system failures. This study provides a systematic review of existing approaches to building health assessment by synthesizing relevant indicators and evaluation methods reported in the literature. Key variables are standardized and organized into six major performance dimensions: safety performance, environmental quality, occupant-centred performance, system and infrastructure performance, energy performance, and economic performance. In addition, the review examines the roles of widely used assessment approaches, including Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE), Internet of Things (IoT)- based monitoring, and machine learning techniques, in supporting building health evaluation. Finally, future directions are proposed to support the development of more comprehensive, data-driven building health assessment frameworks.