The Role of CD4+ T Helper Cell Subsets in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Implications for Tumour Progression and Immunotherapy

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality; its progression is strongly linked to the liver's immune microenvironment. T-helper (Th) cells, including Th1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells (Tregs), play pivotal roles in modulating tumour immunity, either promoting or inhibiting tumour growth depending on their functional states and interactions within the tumour microenvironment. Imbalances in Th cell subsets, particularly between pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive populations, have been associated with HCC progression and poor prognosis. Numerous studies have explored the therapeutic potential of restoring balance among Th cell subsets, focusing on modulating immune responses to improve HCC treatment outcomes. This paper reviews the differentiation and functional roles of Th cell subsets in HCC, exploring their contributions to tumour progression and immune suppression. Furthermore, this study discusses emerging immunotherapies aimed at modulating Th cell populations to improve clinical outcomes for HCC patients. Understanding the intricate roles of Th cells in the tumour microenvironment provides valuable insights for developing novel therapeutic strategies for liver cancer.