From Lipids to Mitochondria: Shared Metabolic Alterations in Obesity and Alzheimer’s Disease

The increasing prevalence of obesity and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the aging population underscores an urgent need to understand the common cellular and metabolic mechanisms they share. Accumulated evidence suggests that overlapping metabolic disturbances contribute to the pathogenesis of these two conditions. In this review, we highlight key underlying interconnecting metabolic pathways: (1) adipose-brain crosstalk mediated by adipokines and adipose tissue-derived extracellular vesicles that can modulate neuronal function and amyloid pathology, (2) dysregulated lipid metabolism affecting cholesterol, sphingolipids, and phospholipids and thereby promoting inflammation, amyloid precursor protein processing, and tau hyperphosphorylation, (3) impaired glycolysis and insulin resistance, which accelerate both obesity and neurodegenerative processes, (4) mitochondrial dysfunction marked by disrupted tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes and electron transport chain complexes, leading to elevated reactive oxygen species and driving both obesity and AD pathology, and (5) gut microbiota dysbiosis, which can trigger inflammation as well as amyloid and tau aggregation. Together, these mechanisms show that metabolic alterations appear early, preceding clinical disease, and that understanding these underlying connections can provide strategies to protect metabolic health and prevent disease progression.