Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Anticancer Drug Therapy in the Treatment of Malignant Neoplasms

BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a powerful minimally invasive modality for cancer treatment. However, its efficacy as a monotherapy is often limited by oxygen dependence and limited light penetration. Combining PDT with systemic anticancer drug therapies offers a promising strategy to achieve synergistic effects and overcome resistance. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to provide a systematic analysis of the mechanisms and clinical potential of combining PDT with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, focusing on recent advancements and nanotechnology-based delivery systems. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed and Scopus databases. The analysis focused on peer-reviewed studies published over the last 10 years addressing synergistic molecular pathways, co-delivery nanoplatforms, and clinical trial outcomes. RESULTS: The combination of PDT with chemotherapy enhances drug accumulation via vascular photosensitization and can overcome multi-drug resistance. Integration with immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors and tumor vaccines, triggers immunogenic cell death (ICD), leading to systemic antitumor responses. Nanotechnology provides a versatile platform for the targeted co-delivery of photosensitizers and pharmacological agents, significantly reducing systemic toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Combined PDT-drug regimens demonstrate superior therapeutic efficacy compared to monotherapies. Future clinical translation requires the standardization of dosimetry and the development of multifunctional nanomedicines to enable personalized treatment protocols.