The Role of Circadian Rhythm Dysregulation, Abnormal Sleep Patterns, and Sleep Disorders on the Development of Diabetes

It is noteworthy that disturbances in circadian rhythms and irregular sleep patterns can exert influence over the onset of Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM). Similarly, they can impact the development of Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM). In recent decades, there has been a notable trend towards both reduced and extended sleep durations, with a concurrent rise in occurrences of compromised sleep quality attributable to sleep fragmentation. These sleep disturbances, along with clinically recognized sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and insomnia, have been increasingly associated with a range of detrimental health outcomes. Of particular concern is the growing evidence linking sleep dysregulation to an augmented risk of metabolic diseases, including diabetes. In addition to sleep duration and quality, emerging research suggests that an individual's chronotype, reflecting their preferred time for going to sleep, may also exert an influence on disease development, particularly T2DM. The habit of going to bed late when compared to the tendency of going to bed early tends to cause significant disruptions to daily social engagements. Eventually, this misalignment may lead to discrepancies in sleep schedules between weekdays and weekends, commonly referred to as social jetlag. The current review aims to discuss the complex relationship between circadian rhythm misalignment, triggered by improper sleep habits such as short or long sleep duration, disrupted chronotype, social jetlag, and sleep disorders, on the subsequent impact on the development of diabetes. Overall, current evidence suggests that circadian rhythm disruption and sleep disorders contribute significantly to metabolic dysregulation and diabetes risk, highlighting the importance of sleep health in prevention and management of diabetes.