Electrospun Janus Fibrous Membranes: Property and Potential Biomedical Applications

The Janus membrane, as a kind of functional material with asymmetric wettability, is endowed with a unique “liquid diode” effect by its hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties on both sides, which can realize unidirectional fluid transport that shows an important value for biomedical and other applications. Electrospinning technology, with the advantages of flexible processing and controllable fiber structure, has become a mainstream method for preparing Janus membranes with customizable structure and function. Electrospun Janus membranes are widely used in biomedical fields, especially in wound dressings. Their unidirectional drainage property can effectively remove wound exudate, and combined with functional components, they can simultaneously achieve antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, sustained drug release, and rapid hemostasis, and can even realize wound condition monitoring through functional modification, showing great potential in smart medical dressings. While Janus membrane studies have achieved notable breakthroughs, they still face challenges such as poor asymmetric interlayer bonding, lack of long-term stability, organic solvent contamination from electrostatic spinning, and large-scale production. In the future, we need to focus on material interface modification, green preparation process development, and theoretical model improvement to advance the real-world utilization of Janus membranes across diverse applications.