Bioactive Components of Degradation Products from Biomedical Magnesium Alloys: Interactions with the In Vivo Microenvironment

Magnesium is an extremely important macromineral in the human body. In recent years, magnesium and its alloys have been widely used in the biomedical field due to their excellent biocompatibility, degradability, and mechanical properties similar to those of human bone. Magnesium-based materials can degrade completely within the human body, releasing magnesium ions, hydrogen gas, hydroxides, insoluble particles, and other bioactive substances, thereby influencing the microenvironment and the biochemical states of various cell types. This review systematically summarizes the biological effects of magnesium alloys in various microenvironments, analyzes the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions between various bioactive components and their respective microenvironments, and finally explores strategies for optimizing magnesium alloy devices, thereby providing a reference for further research on the synergistic use of magnesium-based implants and drugs.