Human Capital and Economic Growth in Colombia: Review

Globally, human capital is recognized as a structural determinant of economic growth, with evidence of a positive, bidirectional, and significant relationship between both variables. However, in Colombia, few studies have directly measured the influence of human capital on national economic growth. To date, there is no academic review that integrates and analyzes the available evidence on this link, even though such studies are fundamental for understanding the drivers of development, reducing structural inequalities, and guiding policies that promote productivity and social inclusion. This study conducted a literature review across major international and Colombian academic databases, with a specific focus on Colombia and a minimum 25-year observation window, to identify research gaps and establish conceptual foundations for future research. In total, 140 articles were reviewed. In general terms, the findings show that, although human capital is an essential driver of Colombia’s economic growth, its full impact is constrained by structural and regional inequalities, corruption, violence, labor informality, institutional fragmentation, and mismatches between education and labor market demands. These results underscore the need to expand empirical research to better measure its effects and to inform more inclusive and sustainable development policies.