Email Communication in English-Medium Instruction: Cultural and Gender Differences in Student Requests to Professors

This study examined how cultural background and self-reported gender influence student–faculty email communication in English-Medium Instruction (EMI) settings. Advanced international language learners (N = 113) wrote emails in English to either Korean or international professors without prior instruction. The emails were analyzed for framing elements and request strategies using holistic assessment. The findings revealed significant patterns in formality and strategy use based on professor nationality and student gender. Emails to Korean professors exhibited higher formality levels, especially among students with better framing appropriateness scores. Cultural differences emerged in request strategies: international students favored performative requests, while Korean students preferred disarmers. Self-reported gender also correlated with different framing strategies, particularly when communicating with Korean professors. These findings highlight the complex interaction among culture, gender, and pragmatic awareness in EMI academic correspondence. The study underscores the importance of understanding cross-cultural communication patterns in diverse educational environments and suggests the need for further research into multilingual communication practices in higher education to better support international student populations.