Comprehensive Analysis of Thermal–Electrical Models for PV Module: A Review of Current Approaches and Challenges

The independent application of conventional electrical or thermal models is, generally, not adequate to model the interdependence between temperature distribution, heat transfer mechanisms, and the electrical performance of Photovoltaic (PV) generators. In this context, coupled thermal–electrical modeling approaches have recently gained increasing importance to accurately simulate the PV performance. This work presents a comprehensive and systematic analysis of electrical, thermal, and coupled thermal–electrical models developed for PV modules. Electrical models are classified into analytical/physical, semi-empirical, and empirical classes, highlighting their assumptions, parameter requirements, computational complexity, and applicability at cell, module, and system levels. Thermal modeling approaches are reviewed by distinguishing lumped parameter and thermal network models from spatially distributed numerical methods. Particular emphasis is placed on the ability of these models to represent non-uniform temperature distributions and transient operating conditions. Furthermore, this review critically examines state-of-the-art coupled thermo-electrical models, focusing on different coupling strategies, feedback mechanisms, and levels of spatial resolution. The advantages and limitations of each modeling approach are discussed in relation to accuracy, computational cost, and suitability for performance prediction, fault analysis, and reliability assessment. Finally, current research gaps and future directions are identified, providing a structured framework to guide the selection of the most appropriate model and the development of more accurate and physically consistent PV modeling strategies under complex and realistic operating conditions.