Grid-Forming Energy Storage Optimization and Adaptive Voltage Control for Rural Networks with High-Penetration Photovoltaic

To address the voltage over-limit issue in rural distribution networks caused by high-penetration distributed photovoltaic (DPV) integration, as well as the frequent voltage disturbances resulting from frequent load switching and variable operating conditions in agricultural grid systems, this paper proposes a dual-layer optimized configuration and adaptive voltage control method for grid-forming energy storage systems. First, an outer-layer siting and sizing model is established with constraints including voltage stability, deviation, network losses, and economic factors. The configuration scheme is solved using the Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm. Then, an inner-layer rolling optimized dispatch model is constructed with Model Predictive Control (MPC) as the core, and an adaptive reactive power–voltage control method based on Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) control is proposed to enhance transient voltage support under disturbance conditions. Simulation analysis based on an actual 10 kV rural distribution line verifies that the proposed method can effectively mitigate overvoltage issues and alleviate reverse power flow during typical daily operation, while significantly improving node voltage recovery speed and reactive power support capability under voltage disturbances.