Assessing an Optimal Green Hydrogen Strategy for an Inland Refinery

This study assesses four hydrogen production pathways (electrolysis, ammonia cracking, steam biomethane reforming, and methane pyrolysis) for an inland refinery under European Renewable Energy Directive III (RED III) goals. Using multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA), economic, environmental, technological, and implementation factors were evaluated. The results show that biomethane reforming offers the lowest cost, while electrolysis provides the best environmental and technological performance. Sensitivity analysis highlights electricity price as the key factor. The MCDA model proved to be effective for systematic comparison and informed strategic decision making. However, RED III regulatory requirements may favor ammonia or electrolysis for renewable fuel of non-biological origin production, emphasizing the need for long-term strategic planning to maintain competitiveness.