Modeling Morphogenesis Using Two-Particle Cell Model with Remote and Contact Forces

We present a computational model for studying morphogenesis based on pairwise interactions among cells in this article. Extending a previous single-particle model, we represent each cell using two particles connected by an internal link. This two-particle model introduces cell shape and orientation while retaining the simplicity of a force-based framework. The model includes a remote force acting between all cell pairs and a contact force acting only between physically connected pairs. Simulation results showed that the model reproduces a range of multicellular patterns depending on cell density and interaction parameters. This approach provides a minimal and extensible framework for investigating the physical basis of tissue-level organization.