Habitat Use, Residency, and Connectivity of Bull Sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) in the Bazaruto Seascape, Mozambique

Bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) are highly mobile coastal predators, whose broad movements complicate conservation planning, particularly in the Western Indian Ocean, where key habitats remain poorly understood. Using passive acoustic telemetry, this study assessed the habitat use, residency, and regional connectivity of adult bull sharks within the Bazaruto Seascape, Mozambique, evaluating the area’s ecological role within a wider movement network. Sharks tagged around Bazaruto exhibited high residency (overall Rmax = 0.45) and year-round presence, with core habitat concentrated along seaward reef systems and inshore areas off the San Sebastian Peninsula. Although most core habitat areas (82%) overlapped with existing marine protected areas, important habitats extended beyond protected area boundaries. In addition to supporting resident individuals, the seascape functioned as a seasonal waypoint within a regional movement corridor, with transient sharks exhibiting short periods (