Integrating Phytochemical Bioactivity and Glycemic Risk to Evaluate Fruits for Type 2 Diabetes Management: A Korean Market Perspective

BACKGROUND: Dietary guidance for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) frequently discourages fruit consumption due to intrinsic sugars, despite extensive evidence supporting the anti-diabetic properties of fruit-derived polyphenols. This reductionist, carbohydrate-only model inadequately reflects the complex bioactive matrices of whole fruits. OBJECTIVE: To develop an integrated analytical framework that quantitatively balances the predicted anti-diabetic bioactivity of fruit polyphenols against their glycemic burden, and to apply this model to fruits commonly consumed in the Korean market. METHODS: Nutritional and phytochemical composition data for five fruits sourced from Korea and India were obtained from national food databases to ensure broader phytochemical diversity. Six representative polyphenols were selected based on abundance and reported significance. Molecular docking was conducted against α-glucosidase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) to estimate target-specific affinity, and a "Total Predicted Anti-Diabetic Score" (TPAS) was computed by weighting docking potency by compound concentration. A risk-benefit matrix integrating TPAS and sugar content was applied to classify fruits, followed by a cultivar-level comparison of major grape varieties. RESULTS: Hesperidin exhibited the strongest predicted PPAR-γ binding (-9.3 kcal/mol). Among whole fruits, grapes and oranges showed the highest TPAS (593.19 and 448.77, respectively), placing them in the "redemptive choice" category (high benefit/high glycemic risk). Comparative cultivar analysis identified the Campbell Early grape as the most advantageous option, with a Holistic Value Score (HVS) of 9.5, notably higher than Shine Muscat (3.9). CONCLUSIONS: This study presents a structured, computation-driven framework capable of integrating phytochemical potency and nutritional risk into a unified metric for dietary evaluation. Despite higher sugar content, fruits rich in potent polyphenols may confer substantial metabolic benefit when consumed judiciously. These findings challenge sugar-centric dietary models and provide an evidence-based tool for consumer-level guidance in T2DM dietary management.