Hydrogen Compression Choices for Tomorrow’s Refueling Stations: Review of Recent Advances and Selection Guide

As hydrogen mobility gains increasing importance, the number of hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) worldwide is expanding rapidly. Hydrogen compression is a critical component of every HRS, exerting a direct and decisive influence on operability, performance, economic viability, downtime, safety, and public acceptance. Given this central role, this work presents a comprehensive overview of the hydrogen compression landscape, critically examining both conventional mechanical systems—such as piston and diaphragm compressors—and emerging non-mechanical technologies, including electrochemical and metal hydride compressors. The analysis also addresses novel hybrid approaches that combine methods to exploit their respective strengths. Each technology is assessed against a consistent set of practical criteria, encompassing not only fundamental performance metrics such as maximum discharge pressure and flow capacity but also key considerations relevant to real-world deployment. This review provides a detailed comparison of all hydrogen compression technologies with respect to energy efficiency, maintenance needs and intervals, capital expenditures (CAPEX), operating expenditures (OPEX), and Technology Readiness Level (TRL). Additional factors—including physical size, noise levels, and effects on hydrogen purity—are also evaluated, as they strongly influence the suitability for applications in urban or remote areas. By synthesizing recent scientific literature, industry data, and applicable technical standards, this work develops a structured multi-criteria framework that translates technical insights into practical guidance and a clear technology selection roadmap. The overarching objective is to equip engineers, station developers, operators, and policymakers with the knowledge needed to make informed and optimized decisions about hydrogen compression during HRS planning and design.