Working from Home: Hybrid and Predominantly Home-Based Work in Relation to Work Environment, Job Satisfaction, and Health

Working from home has become an increasingly common feature of contemporary working life. The present study examined how different degrees of working from home relate to employees' perceptions of the work environment, job satisfaction, and health. The analyses were based on a national probability sample of Swedish employees (N = 2331). A multivariate regression model was estimated to examine associations between three working arrangements-office, hybrid, and predominantly home-based work-and multiple employee outcomes. The results showed that hybrid work and predominantly home-based work were associated with different patterns of employee outcomes. Hybrid work was primarily related to higher role ambiguity and lower job satisfaction, whereas predominantly home-based work was associated with a broader set of outcomes, including poorer general health, more sleep problems, lower job satisfaction, higher role ambiguity, and lower perceived workload. Taken together, the findings suggest that patterns of associations differ across working-from-home arrangements rather than simply reflecting the mere presence of remote work. The study highlights the importance of distinguishing between different degrees of working from home when examining how remote work relates to employees' work experiences and well-being.