The Financial Lobster Bias

The Financial Lobster Bias describes how SMEs, driven by distorted liquidity perceptions, engage in aggressive expansion until financial breakdown occurs. Using data from 10,412 Spanish SMEs (2000–2024), this study shows that liquidity misperception—measured through two versions of the Liquidity Misperception Index (PEL), one based on financial structure and another on payment–collection timing (PMP–PMC)—is a significant driver of expansion–collapse cycles. The financial PEL displays a strong temporal trend (R2 = 0.736), while the PMP–PMC-based PEL also increases over time (R2 = 0.411), evidencing a persistent widening between perceived and real liquidity. The Illusory Confidence in Liquidity Index (ICEL) reveals that confidence peaks coincide with periods of systemic fragility. The Unsustainable Expansion Index (IEI) identifies pre-crisis overexpansion (IEI = 2.34 in 2005; 2.87 in 2006; 1.72 in 2007), preceding the 2008 failure surge. Together, these indicators provide early-warning mechanisms that uncover hidden fragility and help anticipate liquidity-driven collapse.