Dynamic Evaluation of Urban Park Service Performance from the Perspective of “Vitality-Demand-Supply”: A Case Study of 59 Parks in Gongshu District, Hangzhou

Against the global backdrop of urbanization and sustainable development, urban parks—key public spaces for carbon sequestration, heat island mitigation, and public health promotion—have made their service performance a critical metric for evaluating urban human settlement quality. However, traditional evaluations relying on static questionnaires and aggregate indicators often fail to capture the spatiotemporal dynamics of park usage and complex supply–demand relationships. To address this gap, this study developed a three-dimensional dynamic evaluation model (“Vitality Level, Demand Matching, Service Supply”) for 59 urban parks in Gongshu District, Hangzhou, integrating multi-source data (mobile phone signaling, POIs, park vectors, demographic statistics). The model includes nine indicators (e.g., Temporal Activity Difference, Vitality Stability Index) with weights determined via the entropy weight method. Empirical results show: (1) Gongshu’s park service performance presents a “core-periphery” spatial disparity, with high-performance parks concentrated in central areas (e.g., West Lake Culture Square) due to convenient transportation and diverse functions; (2) Performance levels vary significantly between weekdays and weekends, with higher stability on weekdays and more pronounced supply–demand mismatches on weekends; (3) Time-series cross-validation and Monte Carlo simulations confirmed the model’s robustness. This framework shifts park research from “static quantitative description” to “dynamic performance diagnosis,” providing a scientific basis for refined planning and efficient management of parks in high-density cities.