Silver Nanoparticles in Antibacterial Research: Mechanisms, Applications, and Emerging Perspectives

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess distinct physicochemical characteristics and demonstrate high antibacterial potential that highlights them as promising alternatives against a wide range of pathogens. The immense antibacterial potential of AgNPs is primarily attributed to the release of silver ions that lead to the disruption of bacterial cell membrane, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibition of protein synthesis and interference with DNA replication. Variations in AgNPs' shape, size, and surface characteristics are also considered key factors determining their effectivity as well as specificity. AgNPs are considered potent antibacterial agents, including against antibiotic- and drug-resistant strains. However, inappropriate dosages or unoptimized application of may result in potential toxicity, consisting one of the main drawbacks of the AgNPs' safer administration. This article reviews the recent literature on the antibacterial potential of AgNPs, focusing on their broad mechanisms of action, applicability, especially in agriculture, biomedical and environmental fields, toxicity and future perspectives.