Platelet-Rich Plasma from the Research to the Clinical Arena: A Journey Toward the Precision Regenerative Medicine

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a cornerstone of regenerative medicine, offering therapeutic potential across numerous clinical disciplines. Its efficacy relies on concentrated platelets and plasma components that release growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular vesicles to orchestrate tissue repair, immunomodulation, and angiogenesis. Recent findings have uncovered novel mechanisms, such as mitochondrial transfer from platelets to target cells and the delivery of bioactive microRNAs that regulate inflammation and metabolic reprogramming. However, despite its potential, PRP therapy is often limited by inconsistent results. In this review, we examine how patient-specific factors-including age, comorbidities, and lifestyle-and technical variables in preparation and storage, influence the biological quality of the final product. Therefore, standardizing protocols and accounting for individual biological variability are essential for achieving reproducible outcomes. In conclusion, PRP is a complex therapeutic agent whose success depends on both intrinsic bioactive content and extrinsic processing factors. Integrating these molecular insights with personalized patient assessment is crucial to optimizing PRP treatment procedures. Future research should focus on refining standardization to fully establish PRP as a precision medicine tool in regenerative therapy.