The Role of Vitamins and Micronutrients in the Prevention of Melanoma: A Review of Current Evidence

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer with an increasing incidence rate worldwide and a high mortality rate. In addition to known risk factors, such as UV exposure and genetic predisposition, researchers are paying more attention to the role of diet, micronutrients, and vitamins in preventing melanoma. This review discusses the effects of selected vitamins (D, A, C, and E), trace elements, and bioactive compounds (polyphenols and omega-3 fatty acids) on biological processes related to melanoma development. The review considered both antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects, as well as effects on DNA repair and photoprotection. The significance of polymorphisms of genes encoding receptors and enzymes that metabolize the compounds studied was also analyzed. The results suggest that maintaining adequate levels of these substances may promote melanoma prevention, particularly among individuals at risk. However, caution in the use of supplementation is necessary due to the possible biphasic effects of some micronutrients. Further clinical trials are needed to develop effective, safe prevention strategies based on micronutrients and vitamins.