Altered Lipid Profile and Oxidative Stress During Pregnancy: Impact on the Fetus and Risk of Metabolic Disorders in Adulthood

Pregnancy is characterized by progressive maternal hyperlipidemia, including increased triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein, with dynamic fluctuations in high-density lipoprotein. Excess maternal free fatty acids induce oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species, causing mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, activation of inflammatory pathways, and epigenetic remodeling in the placenta and fetal tissues. These molecular alterations impair placental lipid transport and nutrient sensing, leading to hypertrophy of fetal liver, myocardium, and adipose tissue, while disrupting neonatal glucose and lipid homeostasis and increasing susceptibility to perinatal complications and long-term metabolic disorders. This review aims to evaluate mechanistic pathways linking maternal lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, placental function, and fetal organ remodeling. Mechanistic and translational studies were identified through searches of PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science (2000-2025) using predefined keywords including lipid metabolism, free fatty acids, oxidative stress, placental lipid transport, epigenetics, DNA methylation, fetal programming, and perinatal outcomes. Evidence indicates that maternal lipid imbalance drives placental oxidative and epigenetic modifications, directly contributing to fetal organ hypertrophy and neonatal metabolic dysregulation. In conclusion, maternal dyslipidemia represents a modifiable determinant of fetal organ hypertrophy and long-term metabolic risk, supporting the clinical relevance of maternal lipid monitoring and targeted metabolic interventions during pregnancy.