Red Ginseng Ethanolic Extract Alleviates DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice by Suppressing Inflammatory Mediator Production

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by recurrent intestinal inflammation and mucosal injury. This study evaluated the protective potential of red ginseng ethanolic extract (RGEE) using a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model and an LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage model. Preliminary LC-MS profiling was also performed to characterize the detectable chemical features of RGEE. In vivo, RGEE alleviated DSS-induced body weight loss, disease activity, colon shortening, spleen enlargement, and histopathological injury, with the histopathological score reduced by approximately 51.1%. RGEE also partially improved DSS-induced hematological alterations without causing obvious changes in major organ weights. In vitro, RGEE showed no obvious cytotoxicity up to 250 μg/mL and reduced LPS-induced NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β production by approximately 60.0-67.1%. LC-MS analysis putatively annotated several saponin-related features, including notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rh1, Rh4, and Rh2. These findings suggest that RGEE has protective potential against DSS-induced colitis, which is associated with the suppression of inflammatory mediator production. Further studies are needed to clarify its active constituents and mechanisms of action.