Research Progress in Photocatalytic Degradation of Cyclic Pollutants by Electrospun Black TiO2/Ag@SiO2 Nanofiber Membranes

Cyclic pollutants such as dyes, antibiotics, phenols and VOCs in water and atmosphere feature stable structures and are difficult to mineralize, which constitutes the core problem in current environmental governance. Semiconductor photocatalysis provides a green strategy for the advanced treatment of such pollutants. Electrospun black TiO2/Ag-loaded SiO2 nanofiber membranes have become a research hotspot owing to their multi-component synergistic advantages. This paper systematically reviews the preparation processes and structure regulation methods of electrospun SiO2 nanofiber membranes; expounds the loading strategies of black TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles, the interface regulation mechanisms and the synergistic photocatalytic mechanism of the ternary composite system; summarizes the application progress in the degradation of cyclic pollutants in water and atmospheric VOCs; and emphatically analyzes the performance characteristics and key issues in the ring-opening degradation of cyclic pollutants. Studies show that the high specific surface area and porous structure of SiO2 nanofiber membranes offer excellent support for catalytic reactions. In addition, black TiO2 achieves a full-spectrum response through defect engineering; the SPR effect and Schottky barrier of Ag significantly improve carrier separation efficiency; and the synergistic effect of the three components enhances the adsorption–catalytic degradation capacity. Current challenges remain in ring-opening efficiency and stability, requiring multi-method breakthroughs to overcome bottlenecks, clarify mechanisms and promote engineering applications. This paper provides theoretical references for the development of high-performance fiber-based photocatalytic materials and lays a foundation for the practical application of electrospun inorganic nanofiber membranes in the field of environmental catalysis.