Extended Reality as a Medium: Literature Review and Development of a Conceptual Model Based on the Identification of Technological, Narrative and Spatial Components of Immersive and Interactive Media

Information and communication technologies have evolved exponentially in recent years, significantly expanding their diversification and applicability. Extended reality (XR) technologies—including virtual, augmented, and mixed reality—have solidified the conceptualization of space and function. XR represents the definitive medium due to its close analogy with physical reality, enabling an unprecedented degree of interaction compared to previous media. By leveraging spatial and temporal factors, XR allows for the emergence of suprainteractions—interactions that do not occur naturally in physical environments. The integration of AI into these workflows heralds a new era, reevaluating technological utility as the current landscape poses challenges for identifying use cases and dead zones within the XR field. This article proposes a model, derived from a narrative literature review, that identifies key features in technological applications and the evolution of XR. Based on concepts such as representativeness, realism, system performance, and spatial narrative, the model designs a framework for the development of diverse functions within the XR domain.