Multiscale Interface Engineering for Orthopedic and Dental Implants: A Review

Multiscale interface engineering has influenced the engineering of orthopedic and dental implants through the integration of macroscale architecture, micro-textured surfaces and nanoscale bio-cues. These characteristics help to increase mechanical stability and support early biological responses, as well as increase resistance to microbial colonization. Multiscale interface engineering also helps to explore fabrication schemes that facilitate load-sharing lattices and micro-roughened attachment zones, as well as immune-interactive nano-chemistry. In this study, the biological responses of protein adsorption, osteogenic differentiation, connective-tissue sealing, and macrophage polarization are investigated, together with functional barriers in stress transfer, fatigue resistance and biofilm control. New clinical data with regard to arthroplasty and dental implantology are reviewed to put these factors into perspective. Even though engineered surfaces are reliable in promoting early fixation and initial osseointegration, in the long term, their performance depends on the host's biological variability, the mechanical forces of loading, coating integrity and peri-implant microbial pressure. Altogether, multiscale interface engineering is an evolving approach to enhancing the lifespan of implants and facilitating biologically sound skeletal and oral reconstruction. A structured literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify studies published between 2000 and 2025. Approximately 320 articles were initially identified, of which about 140 relevant publications were selected for detailed review.