Optimization of Embryo Culture Conditions in IVF: Quality Assurance and Emerging Technologies

The different Assisted Reproductive Technology techniques are offering hope to millions of couples struggling with infertility. However, the success of IVF/ICSI is related at least partially to the optimization of embryo culture conditions, which are influenced by myriad of physiological and environmental factors. This review reports the latest advancements in embryo culture techniques, with a particular focus on the roles of oxygen tension, pH regulation, temperature stability, air quality in enhancing embryo viability, competency and implantation rates. In addition, we explored the critical importance of quality assurance (QA) factors and key performance indicators (KPIs) to keep laboratory efficiency. We highlighted also some emerging technologies, such as dynamic culture systems, metabolomics, proteomics biomarkers potential, and artificial intelligence (AI) in embryo selection and monitoring, which hold promise for further improving embryo culture techniques. By providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of embryo culture optimization, this review aims to guide future research and clinical practices in the field of assisted reproductive technology (ART).