Effect of Laser Surface Texturing on Bond Strength and Mechanical Properties of 3Y and 5Y Zirconia

This study evaluated the influence of various surface treatments on the bonding performance and mechanical behavior of zirconia, with particular emphasis on the effect of laser surface texturing (LST) compared with conventional 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP) and airborne particle abrasion (APA) methods. Two zirconia compositions, 3 mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (3Y-TZP) and 5 mol% partially stabilized zirconia (5Y-PSZ), were subjected to four surface treatment protocols: as-milled, 10-MDP, APA, and LST (n = 12). Shear bond strength (SBS) to titanium and biaxial flexural strength (BFS) of zirconia were measured. Surface morphology, failure mode, and phase composition were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test (α = 0.05), and the reliability of flexural strength was assessed using Weibull analysis. Surface treatment significantly affected SBS (p < 0.05). The LST groups exhibited the highest SBS values and a higher proportion of mixed failures, whereas other groups predominantly showed adhesive failures. However, LST-treated specimens, particularly 5Y-PSZ, showed reduced BFS. XRD confirmed phase stability, although localized microstructural changes were observed after LST. LST enhanced the zirconia–titanium interfacial bond strength and promoted mixed failure modes; however, this improvement was accompanied by a reduction in flexural strength, particularly in 5Y-PSZ.