Ferrochrome Smelting Using Chrome Raw Materials Pre-Reduced with Various Reducing Agents
Abstract
This study quantitatively evaluates the effect of solid-phase pre-reduction of chromite concentrate on the energy efficiency and techno-economic performance of high-carbon ferrochrome (HC FeCr) smelting. Laboratory pre-reduction experiments were conducted at 1200–1400 °C using Shubarkol coal, metallurgical coke, and special coke as carbonaceous reducing agents. Structural and phase transformations were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). At 1200 °C, the degree of metallization remained low (
Fields of Study & Subjects
Iron and Steelmaking Processes
Metal Extraction and Bioleaching
Coal and Coke Industries Research
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Metals
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 357–357
- Publication date
- 23 March 2026
- Language
- EN