Synergistic Effects of Nanoparticles and Fibers on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Composites

This study investigates the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy composites reinforced with aluminum nanoparticles (Al NPs), titanium nanoparticles (Ti NPs), and chopped E-Glass fibers, individually and in hybrid combinations. Thirteen compositions were systematically fabricated and characterized, spanning pure epoxy (PRC0), Al NP-series (PRA1–3), Ti NP-series (PRT1–3), Al NP/E-Glass hybrid series (PRAG1–3), and Ti NP/E-Glass hybrid series (PRTG1–3). The investigation evaluates the effects of these reinforcements on tensile strength, flexural strength, Shore D hardness, thermogravimetric stability, and microstructure. The PRTG2 composite (2 wt% Ti NP + 2 wt% E-Glass fiber) achieved the highest tensile strength of 80 MPa (33.3% improvement over pure epoxy) and the highest flexural strength of 115 MPa (43.75% improvement). These results demonstrate the superior reinforcing efficiency of Ti nanoparticles over Al nanoparticles and the synergistic benefit of combining nanoparticle and fiber reinforcements within a single epoxy matrix.