From Basics to Breakthroughs: A Review on the Evolution of Campylobacter spp. Culture Media

Since their recognition as human pathogens in the 1970s, Campylobacter spp. have posed persistent challenges to microbiologists due to their fastidious growth requirements and environmental sensitivity. The continuous refinement of selective and differential culture media has been crucial for improving their detection, isolation, and characterization in both clinical and food microbiology. This comprehensive review provides a chronological overview of the evolution of Campylobacter culture media, highlighting the scientific milestones that shaped current cultivation practices—from early blood- and charcoal-based formulations to modern selective, chromogenic, and systems permitting incubation under less stringent atmospheric conditions. Emphasis is placed on the rationale behind medium composition, the transition from empirical experimentation to standardized formulations, and the integration of molecular and metabolic insights into media design. The evolution of Campylobacter growth media mirrors the broader trajectory of microbiology itself, moving from artisanal experimentation toward precision-driven innovation. Ongoing advancements in culture technology, including sustainable and data-guided formulations, will continue to enhance global surveillance, food safety, and pathogen ecology research.