A Comprehensive Framework for Designing Metaverse-Based Learning for Engineering Education

The growing interest in metaverse technologies for education has not been matched by structured methodologies to guide their design. This study presents a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines, analysing 33 studies to examine the use of metaverse and immersive technologies in engineering education. The review reveals that existing frameworks remain limited in scope, lacking end-to-end guidance rooted in pedagogical foundations. To address this gap, the Metaverse Immersive Training Environment (MITE) framework is proposed. Built upon Design Thinking and integrating TPACK, Constructive Alignment and the 5E model, the framework provides a structured, replicable methodology across three sequential phases: Investigation of Requirements, Creation of Metaverse Infrastructure and Development of Learning Content. Unlike existing approaches that address pedagogical design or technical development in isolation, MITE integrates multiple pedagogical models within a unified methodology, providing end-to-end guidance for designing metaverse-based educational environments.