Intermittent Fasting: A Metabolically Focused Therapeutic Strategy for Obesity

The global prevalence of obesity continues to rise and is a significant risk factor for the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Despite the development of new pharmacological therapies, novel strategies are being explored to mitigate the impact of this disease. Intermittent fasting (IF) is a nutritional intervention that has gained popularity and shows potential as an innovative approach to weight management. This study aims to compile scientific evidence on various aspects of fasting, including its physiological effects, the molecular and thermogenic mechanisms involved, and recommendations regarding nutritional strategies during the refeeding period within the eating window. We conducted a narrative review, analyzing evidence available from PubMed/MEDLINE based on studies related to intermittent fasting, thermogenesis, and their associated outcomes. Our results demonstrate the existence of three commonly used IF protocols: alternate day fasting (ADF), periodic fasting (PF), and time-restricted eating (TRE). In addition to its effects on weight loss, IF has demonstrated notable benefits for cardiovascular health, oxidative stress, and metabolic function. Moreover, the interaction between the central nervous system and brown adipose tissue provides an alternative mechanism for the molecular regulation of thermogenesis. Nutritional patterns adopted during intermittent fasting play a crucial role in optimizing outcomes, with particular emphasis on the intake of proteins, fiber, bioactive compounds, and essential fatty acids during the feeding window. In summary, current evidence indicates that intermittent fasting provides a biologically robust framework for studying energy balance and holds promise for developing targeted nutritional interventions.