Research Advances in Glanimal Models of Glaucoma: Exploring Multidimensional Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Strategies

Objective: Glaucoma is a complex optic neuropathy characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Animal models are crucial tools for deciphering its multidimensional pathogenesis and evaluating novel therapeutic strategies. This review aims to systematically summarize the establishment methods, application advances, and future development trends of various glanimal models. Methods: The literature for this review was identified through systematic searches of electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar. The search strategy utilized a combination of keywords and their variants: “glaucoma”, “animal models”, “retinal ganglion cells”, “intraocular pressure”, “neuroprotection”, “immune inflammation”, “fibrosis”, and “filtration surgery”. The search focused on articles published between 2015 and 2025 to cover the major advances of the last decade. The scope encompassed original research articles, reviews, and meta-analyses. Results: Diverse glanimal models successfully replicate different facets of glaucoma, elucidating multidimensional pathogenesis involving mechanical stress, immune inflammation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. These models have played an indispensable role in screening neuroprotective agents, evaluating anti-fibrotic strategies, and validating the application of advanced imaging and functional assessment technologies. Current research is evolving towards model standardization, multi-factor simulation, and the integration of novel drug delivery systems and immunomodulatory strategies. Conclusions: The diversification of glanimal models provides a powerful platform for in-depth investigation of disease mechanisms and the development of innovative therapies. Future research should focus on establishing standardized models that better mimic the clinical pathological state and deeply integrating multimodal assessment technologies with targeted therapies. This will facilitate the translation of basic research into clinical applications, ultimately achieving personalized precision medicine for glaucoma.