Catalytic and Environmental Applications of Calcium Copper Titanate (CaCu3Ti4O12): A Comprehensive Review

Calcium copper titanate (CaCu3Ti4O12, abbreviated as CCTO) has emerged as a versatile, high-performance material distinguished by its remarkable dielectric, photocatalytic, and environmental properties, positioning it at the forefront of ongoing research and technological innovation. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of CCTO, emphasizing its growing relevance in catalytic and environmental applications. Beginning with an overview of its unique structural and dielectric properties, we discuss how these attributes underpin CCTO’s multifunctionality. Various synthesis methods are examined for their effects on CCTO’s microstructure and performance. Furthermore, we investigate the photocatalytic potential of CCTO under visible light, particularly for applications such as water splitting, CO2 reduction, and degradation of organic pollutants. Environmental applications, including gas sensing and wastewater treatment, are also evaluated, highlighting CCTO’s chemical robustness and suitability under diverse operating conditions. Lastly, key challenges in scalability, cost, and environmental adaptability are discussed, along with future directions, including hybrid composite development and machine-learning-assisted material design. Together, these insights position CCTO as a promising material for advancing sustainable technologies in energy and the environment.