Carbon–Nitrogen Metabolism Associated with Appearance Quality in Superior and Inferior Grains of Soft and Non-Soft Japonica Rice in Southern China

To investigate the differences in carbon and nitrogen metabolism between superior and inferior grains of southern soft and non-soft japonica rice and their relationships with appearance quality, the metabolic characteristics and appearance quality of superior and inferior grains during the grain-filling stage were compared between the two rice types. The results showed that, compared with non-soft japonica rice, the activities of AGPase and GBSS in superior grains of soft rice were significantly lower, whereas the activities of SSS, SBE, and DBE were significantly higher. The amylose content decreased by 32.68-44.72%, while amylopectin increased by 7.27-10.73%. The limitation in carbon metabolism was more pronounced in inferior grains, and the non-structural carbohydrate content was 9.33-17.33% lower than that in superior grains. In terms of nitrogen metabolism, GS activity decreased whereas GOGAT activity increased in superior grains, resulting in a 6.28-8.38% increase in protein content. The protein content of inferior grains was 1.75-6.44% higher than that of superior grains. In addition, the chalky grain rate and chalkiness degree of superior grains in soft rice were 79.00-481.03% higher than those in non-soft japonica rice, while the increases in inferior grains ranged from 67.51% to 136.31%. Correlation analysis indicated that the chalky grain rate of superior grains was positively correlated with starch content during the early grain-filling stage, whereas the chalkiness degree of inferior grains was positively correlated with protein content. These results suggest that differences in carbon and nitrogen metabolism between grain positions are closely associated with the formation of appearance quality.