Recent Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Processes and Systems for Pesticide Removal from Water

Pesticides are widely used chemical compounds in agriculture, but their presence in water systems represents a significant environmental and health problem. Due to their stability and toxicity, many pesticides are difficult to remove using conventional water treatment methods, which has led to the development of advanced oxidation processes. Photocatalytic processes are based on the activation of semiconductor materials under light irradiation, leading to the formation of reactive species that degrade pesticides into less harmful products. On the other hand, electrocatalytic processes use electrical energy to generate oxidation and reduction reactions on electrode surfaces, enabling efficient degradation of organic pollutants. Both approaches offer high efficiency and the potential for complete mineralization of pesticides. Nanomaterials play a key role in improving these processes, as they provide a large specific surface area, enhanced conductivity, and increased reactivity. In photocatalysis, nanostructured metal oxides such as TiO2 and ZnO are commonly used, while in electrocatalysis, advanced nanocomposites and modified electrodes are applied to improve electron transfer efficiency and system stability. This review paper provides an overview of recent research in the field of photocatalytic and electrocatalytic systems for pesticide removal from water, with a particular focus on the role of nanomaterials. Special attention is given to current trends, including the development of new nanostructures, hybrid systems, and energy-efficient technologies. The aim of this paper is to present, in a simple and clear way, the potential of these methods and to contribute to a better understanding of their application in environmental protection.