Mobile Pyrolysis Systems for Decentralized Biomass Valorization: Technologies, Products, and Applications

Mobile pyrolysis systems offer a practical pathway for the decentralized valorization of biomass waste, addressing the high logistical and economic burdens of transporting low-density, moisture-rich feedstocks to centralized facilities. By operating directly at the source, these systems convert diverse agricultural and forestry residues into biochar, bio-oil, pyrogas, and wood vinegar, while reducing transport volumes and associated emissions. Reported mobile reactors process between 4 kg per batch and 10 t/day, achieving biochar yields of 33–44 wt.% at 400 °C and bio-oil yields of 55–68 wt.% in fast pyrolysis at 500–550 °C, demonstrating performance comparable to stationary installations. This review synthesizes current mobile pyrolysis technologies, including reactor configurations, feedstock suitability, operational constraints, and recent advances in automation, real-time monitoring, and machine learning-based optimization. The agricultural and industrial applications of pyrolysis products are examined, with emphasis on soil health enhancement, biopesticide activity, renewable gas generation, and carbon sequestration. Emerging international projects and commercial efforts are highlighted, illustrating growing interest in flexible, low-carbon pyrolysis solutions for rural waste management and distributed bioresource utilization, while outlining the technological gaps that remain to be addressed.