Evaluation of Seismo-Ionospheric and Seismological Parameters Within the Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling Framework for the 2025 Mw 7.7 Myanmar Earthquake

This study presents a comprehensive multi-parameter analysis of seismo-ionospheric responses to the Mw 7.7 Myanmar earthquake on 28 March 2025, using GNSS-based Total Electron Content (TEC) data, seismic b-value trends, and acoustic gravity wave (AGW) signatures. A significant negative TEC anomaly (~30 TECU below the statistical threshold) was detected on 25 March, three days before the mainshock under geomagnetically quiet conditions, indicating a lithospheric origin. Concurrent variations in the Ionospheric Disturbance Index (IDI) and Rate of TEC Index (ROTI) indicate pronounced background departures and enhanced short-term variability during the preparation phase. Temporal b-value analysis shows a consistent decline from 1.12 to 0.58 across the 30-year to 6-month windows, with the lowest values clustering near the epicenter, indicating progressive stress accumulation. Spatial b-value mapping further reveals a low b-value zone overlapping the region of TEC depletion, while the Relative Seismic Hazard Index (RSHI) highlights high-hazard zones aligned with the epicentral area. Kernel density estimation (KDE) supports this coupling by showing a dominant low-b, low-vTEC cluster, consistent with linked lithospheric stress and ionospheric depletion. Overall, the integrated GNSS and seismic analyses demonstrate the value of multi-domain observations for characterizing earthquake preparation processes, highlighting a coherent physical linkage between crustal stress accumulation and ionospheric depletion that can enhance short-term seismic hazard assessment.