Wireless Sensor Node Self-Powered by a Hybrid-Supercapacitor and a Multi-Junction Solar Module

This work presents a compact, self-powered wireless CO2 sensing node for autonomous environmental monitoring. The system integrates a high-efficiency multijunction photovoltaic (PV) module, a 4000 F hybrid supercapacitor operating at 3.6–4.2 V, and a custom power management system in a LiPo-sized form factor. The PV module, composed of nine parallel triple-junction solar cells, achieves an average efficiency of 27% and delivers peak power at 4.26 V under 600 W/m2 irradiance. The sensing unit includes miniaturized CO2, humidity, and temperature sensors with LoRa-based wireless communication. The low-power NDIR CO2 sensor provides a resolution of 15–20 ppm and a response time of ~45 s. Week-long tests demonstrated fully autonomous operation with reliable 5 min data transmission, capturing diurnal CO2 variations associated with plant activity even under low irradiance. Energy storage occurs for irradiance levels ≥65 W/m2, and long-term simulations confirm stable supercapacitor voltage over yearly cycles. This work demonstrates a compact multijunction solar–hybrid supercapacitor platform capable of sustaining WSN for long-term, maintenance-free CO2 monitoring under real-world and low-irradiance conditions. Our results demonstrate that the sensing node can reliably monitor plant-driven CO2 dynamics, clearly resolving the expected photosynthesis–respiration cycles and their dependence on incident solar radiation, while simultaneously sustaining its energy budget under highly challenging illumination and transmission conditions.