Artificial Intelligence and Sustainability in Industry 4.0 and 5.0: Trends, Networks of Leading Countries and Evolution of the Research Focus

In the context of environmental challenges and digital transformation, artificial intelligence (AI) plays a key role in promoting sustainable development within Industry 4.0 and the emerging paradigm of Industry 5.0. This study systematically reviewed the literature (2015–2025) from Scopus and Web of Science on the connections between AI, circular economy, industrial paradigms, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with a particular focus on supply chains and SDG 12—responsible consumption and production. The majority of research emphasizes managerial aspects, the application of machine learning and robotics, as well as waste reduction, resource optimization, and circular economy practices within supply chain and production–consumption systems. Geographical analysis shows that larger economies serve as central research hubs, while some countries that are not among the most populous often achieve the highest average citations per document. Temporal keyword trends indicate a shift in research focus from operational efficiency in traditional supply chains (optimization) toward supply chain digitalization (artificial intelligence) and sustainability (circular economy). Keyword trends reveal four thematic clusters: supply chain digitalization, agritech, smart industry, and sustainability. The study highlights future research directions, including integrating circular economy with managerial and technical approaches, linking Industry 5.0 with SDG 12, and applying advanced AI in sustainable industrial practices. The increasing attention to ethical and social dimensions underscores the need for AI solutions that are both technologically advanced and sustainability oriented.