The Role of the Biologist in Sustainable Aquaculture: Review of Contributions, Technologies and Emerging Challenges

Aquaculture has grown rapidly worldwide and has become a key source of food and employment opportunities. However, its expansion faces environmental, health, reproductive, and technological challenges that threaten its long-term sustainability. In this context, biologists play a crucial role in promoting sustainable practices and integrated management of aquaculture systems. This article reviews their main contributions to animal health, genetic improvement, assisted reproduction, and resource conservation. They also highlight their leadership in applying advanced technologies, including biotechnology, nanotechnology, and genetic engineering. Moreover, this study explores emerging research trends and emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary training to address the evolving demands of the sector. This underscores the need to strengthen collaboration between science, technology, and public policy to ensure sustainable aquaculture. Enhancing the role of biologists is essential for overcoming current challenges and advancing efficient, ethical, and environmentally responsible aquaculture systems that meet global demand.