The Path to Sustainable Development of China’s Islands: Constructing “Harmonious and Beautiful Islands”

Islands are vital geographical units with significant economic, ecological, and sovereign value. However, their development often faces challenges such as fragile ecosystems, limited resources, and inadequate infrastructure. In response, China proposed the “Harmonious and Beautiful Islands” initiative in 2022, aiming to achieve a balance between production, living, and ecological functions on islands. This study evaluates the implementation of this initiative in Zhejiang Province, a key maritime region with numerous islands. Using a comprehensive indicator system comprising 7 first-level and 36 s-level indicators, we assessed 13 well-developed islands. Results show disparities in overall scores, which correlate with the economic development levels of their administering cities. Among the seven dimensions, Cultural Advancement and Development of Unique Local Industries performed best, while Ecological Protection and Restoration and Green and Low-Carbon Development lagged behind. The study highlights the importance of tailored policies, ecological restoration, and integrated planning in promoting sustainable island development. China’s experience offers valuable insights for global small island developing states (SIDS) seeking sustainable pathways.