Deep-Reinforcement-Learning-Based Energy Management for Off-Grid Wind-to-Hydrogen Systems

Off-grid wind-to-hydrogen systems are considered a promising solution for sustainable, large-scale green hydrogen production in remote areas. However, under the combined effects of highly fluctuating wind generation and stochastic load variations, existing energy management methods still face a challenge: in off-grid wind-to-hydrogen systems, intelligent energy management studies that jointly address economic performance and operational stability are still limited. To address these issues, this paper develops a mathematical model for an off-grid wind-to-hydrogen system to reveal the coupling characteristics of the wind–electricity–hydrogen conversion process. Building on this model, a deep-reinforcement-learning-based energy management strategy is proposed. By formulating objectives that simultaneously capture economic benefits and stability requirements, the proposed strategy enables adaptive power flow allocation and dynamic optimization under uncertainty. Case studies demonstrate that, while fully satisfying load demand, the proposed strategy can significantly improve renewable energy utilization and hydrogen production, thereby increasing profit and ensuring stable and sustainable system operation.